Role of brand love mediating the effects of brand experience and brand satisfaction on brand loyalty
Keywords:
brand experience, brand satisfaction, brand love, brand loyaltyAbstract
Changes in the modern era compels companies across all sectors to adapt, with the retail industry being particularly affected. Indomaret, a leading retail chain in Indonesia, currently holds the second position in the Top Brand Index and has experienced fluctuating revenues over the past five years. This study aims to examine the mediating role of brand love in the relationship between brand experience, brand satisfaction, and brand loyalty among Indomaret customers in Denpasar City. This study uses a quantitative approach. The sample was taken using a non-probability sampling method, namely purposive sampling and the number of respondents was 180 people. Data were collected through surveys distributed via Google Forms and direct outreach. The data analysis was conducted using both descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings reveal that brand experience has a positive and insignificant effect on brand loyalty, while brand satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on brand loyalty. Furthermore, brand love fully mediates the relationship between brand experience and brand loyalty and serves as a partial complementary mediator between brand satisfaction and brand loyalty. This research is an implementation of Expectation Confirmation Theory. All measurement indicators demonstrated good and high scores, suggesting that Indomaret has the potential to increase customer loyalty by focusing on key dimensions, especially in the brand experience and brand satisfaction sections.
References
Aditya, I. & Tjokrosaputro, M. (2020). Pengaruh Brand Satisfaction, Brand Trust, dan Brand Experience Terhadap Brand Loyalty Kompas Digital. Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis dan Kewirausahaan, 4(1), hal. 60-64. Doi: 10.24912/jmbkv4i1.6801.
Aji, L. C., & Hermawan, A. (2023). Pengaruh brand experience, satisfaction, uncertainty terhadap brand loyalty pada konsumen pakaian olahraga. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 3(1), hal. 1725-1734.
Akoglu, H.E. & Özbek, O. (2022). The effect of brand experiences on brand loyalty through perceived quality and brand trust: a study on sports consumers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(10), pp. 2130-2148. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2021-0333
Aluf, D.D.I. (2020). Pengaruh Brand Love terhadap Word Of Mouth Serta Dampaknya Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Konsumen Muda. Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 5 (2), hal. 140-152.
Amanda, E.M., Pandjaitan, D.R.H, Ramelan, M.R. (2023). Pengaruh Gaya Hidup, Kualitas Layanan dan Promosi terhadap Keputusan Konsumen dalam Menggunakan GoFood Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19 di Kota Bandar Lampung. Journal Economy and Currency Study (JECS), 5(1), hal. 47-59. Lampung: Pusdikra. https://pusdikra-publishing.com/index.php/jecs.
Amaranggana, A. & Rahanatha, G.B. (2018). Peran Kepuasan dalam Memediasi Pengaruh Kualitas Produk terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan. E-Jurnal Manajemen Unud, 7(12).
Antari, N. D., & Ardani, I. K. (2023). Peran cinta merek memediasi pengaruh kepuasan merek terhadap loyalitas merek pada konsumen anomali coffee di Ubud. E-Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana, 12(03), 527-534.
Aprilha, D. & Engkur. (2020). The Effect of Brand Image and Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty Mediated by Brand Trust on Courier Service Users (Study On J&T in Rawamangun, East Jakarta). Journal Indonesian College of Economics, 3(2), pp. 120.
Arghashi, V., Bozbay, Z., & Karami, A. (2021). An Integrated Model of Social Media Brand Love: Mediators of Brand Attitude and Consumer Satisfaction. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 20(4), pp. 319–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2021.1933870
Bae, B. R., & Kim, S. E. (2023). Effect of Brand Experiences on Brand Loyalty Mediated by Brand Love: The Moderated Mediation Role of Brand Trust. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-03-2022-0203.
Bairrada, C. M., Coelho, A., & Lizanets, V. (2019). The impact of brand personality on consumer behavior: the role of brand love. Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management: An International Journal, 23(1), 30-47.
Bigne, E., Andreu, L., Perez, C., & Ruiz, C. (2020). Brand love is all around: loyalty behaviour, active and passive social media users. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(13), pp. 1613-1630.
Brakus, J.J., Schmitt, B.H. & Zarantonello, L. (2009). Brand experience: what is it? How is it measured? Does it affect loyalty?’. Journal of Marketing, 73(3), pp. 52- 68.
Cardoso, A.; Gabriel, M.; Figueiredo, J.; Oliveira, I.; Rêgo, R.; Silva, R.; Oliveira, M.; Meirinhos, G. (2022). Trust and Loyalty in Building the Brand Relationship with the Customer: Empirical Analysis in a Retail Chain in Northern Brazil. J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex, 8(3), 109, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/joitmc8030109.
Caroline, O. & Brahmana, R. M.R. (2018). Pengaruh Brand Image Terhadap Brand Loyalty Melalui Brand Satisfaction Pada Merek Imaparts. AGORA: Jurnal Universitas Kristen Petra Surabaya, 6 (1), hal. 1-6.
Carroll, B. & Ahuvia, A. (2006). Some Antecedents and Outcomes of Brand Love. Marketing Letters, 17, pp.79-89 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-006-4219-2.
Chakraborty, D. (2019). Factors Responsible for Making Young Urban Consumers Brand Loyal: A Study on Mobile Network Operators. Journal of Management Development, 38(7), pp.616-636. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-01-2019-0029.
Choi, Y. G., Ok, C. M., & Hyun, S. S. (2017). Relationships between brand experiences, personality traits, prestige, relationship quality, and loyalty: An empirical analysis of coffeehouse brands. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 29(4), pp. 1185-1202.
Christyawan, H., & Sukresna, I. M. (2020). Peningkatan brand satisfaction dan brand trust berbasis brand value terhadap brand loyalty (Studi pada pengguna Apple iPhone di Semarang). Jurnal Sains Pemasaran Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Marketing Science), 19(2), hal. 75-91.
Chung, M. R., & Welty Peachey, J. (2022). The influence of brand experience on satisfaction, uncertainty and brand loyalty: a focus on the golf club industry. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal, 12(2), 154-170.
Dumgair, P. (2022). Pengaruh Harga Dan Kualitas Layanan Terhadap Kepuasan Pelanggan Go-Jek Di Kota Manado. Jurnal Ekonomi, Bisnis dan Terapan (JESIT), 3(2), hal. 153-160.
Ferreira, P., Rodrigues, P., & Rodrigues, P. (2019). Brand Love as Mediator of The Brand Experience-Satisfaction-Loyalty Relationship in a Retail Fashion Brand. Management & Marketing: Challenges for the Knowledge Society, 14(3), pp. 278-291.
Fitrianto, E. M., Nailis, W., & Karim, S. (2021). Ketika cinta hadir: Pengaruh Brand Love terhadap EWOM dan Loyalitas Merek. Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis Sriwijaya, 19(2), 117-128.
Ghorbanzadeh, D., & Rahehagh, A. (2021). Emotional brand attachment and brand love: the emotional bridges in the process of transition from satisfaction to loyalty. Rajagiri Management Journal, 15(1), 16-38.
Giovanis, A. & Athanasopoulou, P. (2017). Gen Y-Ers’ Brand Loyalty Drivers in Emerging Deviced. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 35(6), pp. 805- 821 https://doi.org/10.11081/MIP=03-2017-0049
Guan, J., Wang, W., Guo, Z., Chan, J. H., & Qi, X. (2021). Customer experience and brand loyalty in the full-service hotel sector: the role of brand affect. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 33(5), pp. 1620-1645. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-10-2020-1177
Hadiwidjaja, R. S. (2014). Analisa Hubungan Experiential Marketing, Kepuasan Pelanggan, Loyalitas Pelanggan Starbucks Coffee di Surabaya Town Square. Jurnal Strategi Pemasaran, 2(2), hal. 1-11.
Hair, J. E. Jr. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). California. USA: SAGE Publication, Inc.
Hajjid, I., Soetomo, H., Kristaung, R., & Susanto, A. (2022). Pengujian Empiris Brand Satisfaction terhadap Brand Loyalty yang di Moderasi oleh Emotional Brand Attachment dan Brand Love. International Journal of Digital Entrepreneurship and Business, 3(2), hal. 49-59.
Hanifah, S., Rahayu, A., & Dirgantari, P. D. (2018). Gambaran brand experience Dan brand love iPhone pada komunitas fanspage Facebook iPhone Indonesia. Journal of Business Management Education (JBME), 3(1), hal. 1-10.
Hou, Y., Soedarto, T., Kurniawan, G.S.A. & Sunarsono, R.J. (2019). Brand trust, customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty-a cross examination. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 9(1), pp. 63-82.
Huang, C. C. (2017). The impacts of Brand experiences on Brand loyalty: mediators of Brand love and trust. Management Decision, 55(5), pp. 915-934.
Hwang, J., Choe, J. Y. (Jacey), Kim, H. M., & Kim, J. J. (2021). Human baristas and robot baristas: How does brand experience affect brand satisfaction, brand attitude, brand attachment, and brand loyalty? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 99, 103050. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2021.103050
Hwang, J., Joo, K.-H., Kim, H.M. and Lee, K.-W. (2024). Technological change in the context of robotic coffee shops: focusing on consumer innovativeness. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 15(1), pp. 37-53. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-02-2023-0051
Iglesias, O., Singh, J. J., & Batista-Foguet, J. M. (2011). The role of brand experience and affective commitment in determining brand loyalty. Journal of Brand Management, 18(8), 570–582.
Jamshidi, D. & Rousta, A. (2020). Brand Commitment Role in the Relationship between Brand Loyalty and Brand Satisfaction: Phone Industry in Malaysia. Journal of Promotion Management, 27:1, 151-176, DOI: 10.1080/10496491.2020.1809596
Jeon, H., & Yoo, S. (2021). The relationship between brand experience and consumer-based brand equity in grocerants. Service Business, 15, pp. 369–389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11628-021-00439-8.
Junaid, M., Hou, F., Hussain, K., & Kirmani, A. A. (2019). Brand love: the emotional bridge between experience and engagement, generation-M perspective. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 28(2), 200-215. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-04-2018-1852
Khawaja, L., Ali, A.A., & Mostapha, N. (2021). The mediating effect of customer satisfaction in relationship with service quality, corporate social responsibility, perceived quality and brand loyalty. Management Science Letters, 763-772. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.10.030.
Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. 2016. Marketing Management. 15th Ed. New Jersey: Pearson
Kristiyono, Y. R., Rahmi, A., Triwijaya, M. T., & Suhanda, R. G. (2020). Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Loyalitas Konsumen Pada Merek Starbucks di Wilayah Jakarta dan Sekitarnya. Ultima Management: Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen, 12, hal. 233-247. doi: 10.31937/manajemen.v12i2.1734.
Leite, Â., Rodrigues, A., & Lopes, S. (2024). Customer connections: A cross-cultural investigation of brand experience and brand love in the retail landscape. Administrative Sciences, 14(1), 11.
Lestari, S., Fauzi, A., & Sadalia, I. (2018). Analysis of Impact of Consumer Emotional Aspects on Brand loyalty In Gold Installment Product. Journal Social Sciences, 3(10), hal. 930–43.
Lumba, M. G. (2019). Peran Brand Love Terhadap Brand Loyalty dan Willingness To Pay Premium Price Pada Pembeli Iphone Di Surabaya. Agora, 7(1), 287271.
Machado, E., & Rodhiah. (2021). Pengaruh Self-Expression Dan Brand Trust Terhadap E-WOM Dengan Brand Love Sebagai Variabel Mediasi Pada Konsumen Vans di Jakarta. Jurnal Muara Ilmu Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 5(1), hal. 49– 58.
Madeline, S., & Sihombing, S. O. (2019). The Impacts of Brand experiences On Brand love, Brand Trust, and Brand loyalty: An Empirical Study. Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, 20(2), pp. 91–107.
Masitoh, D. & Kurniawati. (2023). Pengaruh Brand Experience terhadap Brand Loyalty melalui Perceived Quality dan Brand Trust pada Pengguna e-Wallet di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 3(1), hal.1133-1146.
Na, M., Rong, L., Ali, M. H., Alam, S. S., Masukujjaman, M., & Ali, K. A. M. (2023). The Mediating Role of Brand Trust and Brand Love between Brand Experience and Loyalty: A Study on Smartphones in China. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), pp. 502. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060502
Nayeem, T., Murshed, F., & Dwivedi, A. (2019). Brand experience and brand attitude: examining a credibility-based mechanism. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 37(7), pp. 821-836. https://doi.org/10.1108/MIP-11-2018-0544.
Nyamekye, M.B., Adam, D.R., Boateng, H. & Kosiba, J.P. (2023). Place attachment and brand loyalty: the moderating role of customer experience in the restaurant setting. International Hospitality Review, 37(1), pp. 48-70. https://doi.org/10.1108/IHR-02-2021-0013
Oetama, S. & Susanto, H. (2023). The Ofluence of Brand Experience on Brand Loyalty Through Brand Satisfaction and Brand Trust in Indomie Mie in Sampit. International Journal of Science, Technology, and Management, 4(1), pp. 273-287. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v4i1.755.
Olaoke, R., Bayighomog, S.W., & Tümer, M. (2021). Nonlinear relationship between brand experience and customer satisfaction in the hospitality sector: an exploratory study. Journal of Brand Management, 28, pp. 643 - 656. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41262-021-00249-3.
Oliver, R. L. (1980). A Cognitive Model of the Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction Decisions.Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460–469.
Oliver, R. (1981). Measurement and evaluation of satisfaction processes in retail settings. Journal of Retailing, 57 (3), 25–48.
Oliver, R.L. & DeSarbo, W.S. (1988). Response Determinants in Satisfaction Judgments. Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (4), 495.
Oliver, R. L. (1999). Whence Consumer Loyalty?.Journal of Marketing, 63(Special Issue), 33–44.
Pamungkas, D. A., & Ishak, A. (2023). Pengaruh Brand Experience, Brand Satisfaction, dan Brand Trust terhadap Brand Loyalty pada Pengguna Smartphone Xiaomi di Yogyakarta. Selekta: Jurnal Mahasiswa Bisnis dan Manajemen, 2(1), hal. 117-128.
Pangestika, T. K., & Khasanah, I. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Brand Image, Brand Experience, Brand Trust, dan Brand Satisfaction Terhadap Brand Loyalty Financial Technology: E-Wallet (Studi Pada Pengguna Dana di Kota Semarang). Diponegoro Journal of Management, 10(4), hal 2-15.
Pramudita, R., Chamidah, S., & Wahyuningsih, D.W. (2022). Pengaruh Brand Image, Brand Trust dan Brand Satisfcation Terhadap Brand Loyalty Pengguna Marketplace Tokopedia. Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, 6 (2), hal.238-248
Pramono, C. J., Kunto, Y. S., & Aprilia, A. (2023). Peran mediasi brand image dan brand experience pada pengaruh perceived quality terhadap post-purchase intention Mixue di Surabaya. Jurnal Manajemen Pemasaran, 17(2), 112-120.
Pranadata, I. G. P., Rahayu, M. & Hussein, A.S. (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Brand Experience terhadap Brand Perceived Value, Brand Satisfaction, dan Brand Loyalty (Studi Kasus Pada Industri One Stop Carcare Service di Kota Malang). Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen, 4(2), hal. 217–227.
Prawira, A. A. N. D. N., & Setiawan, P. Y. (2021). Pengaruh Brand Image, Brand Satisfaction, dan Brand Trust terhadap Brand Loyalty Pelanggan Sepatu Merek Nike. E-Jurnal Manajemen, 10(12), hal. 1305-1324.
Pu, Y., Zaidin, N., and Zhu, Y. (2023). How Do E-Brand Experience and In-Store Experience Influence the Brand Loyalty of Novel Coffee Brands in China? Exploring the Roles of Customer Satisfaction and Self–Brand Congruity. Sustainability, 15, 1096, pp.1-17. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su15021096.
Purwanto, E., & Syam, M.M. (2022). Pengaruh Satisfaction, Brand Love terhadap Brand Loyalty dan Word of Mouth. Jurnal Manajemen Strategi dan Aplikasi Bisnis, 5(1), hal. 17-32.
Purwianti, L. (2021). Pengaruh Brand Satisfaction Terhadap Brand Loyalty Dengan Mediasi Brand Preference, Brand Trust, dan Brand Love Pada Generasi Z Dikota Batam. E-Jurnal Urindo Fakultas Bisnis dan Manajemen Universitas Internasonal Batam, hal. 228-234.
Purwianti, L., Rusiana, N., & Fahlevi, R. (2023). Pengaruh Brand Sastisfaction Terhadap Brand Loyalty dengan Mediasi Brand Preference, Brand Trust, dan Brand Love pada Generasi Z di Kota Batam. Jurnal Administrasi dan Manajemen, 13(3), hal. 228-241.
Putra, F.A. (2019). Pengaruh Brand Experience terhadap Loyalitas yang dimediasi oleh Kepuasan Pelanggan pada Pengguna Layanan Jasa Go Food di dalam Aplikasi Gojek. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis 7(2).
Putra, P.P. & Kurniawati. (2023). Pengaruh Pengalaman Merek pada Kepuasan, Ketidakpastian, dan Loyalitas Merek: Fokus pada Industri Sneakers. Jurnal Ekonomi Trisakti, 3(1), hal. 903.914. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/jet.v3il.15613
Putri, D. E., Sudirman, A., Suganda, A. D., Kartika, R. D., Martini, E., Susilowati, H., Bambang, Trenggana, A. F. M., Zulfikar, R., Handayani, T., Kusuma, G. P. E., Triwardhani, D., Rini, N. K., Pertiwi, W. N. B., & Roslan, A. H. (2021). Brand Marketing. Bandung: Windina Bhakti Persada.
Rahmat & Marso. (2020). Hubungan Brand experience, Brand Image, Brand Satisfaction, dan Brand Loyalty dalam Pespektif Four- Stage Loyalty Model (Studi Terhadap Mahasiswa Pengguna Smartphone di Tarakan). Jurnal Manajemen Pemasaran, 14(1), hal. 17–24
Rahmayanti, P. L. D. ., Yasa, N. N. K. ., & Tirtayani, I. G. A. . (2024). Peran Brand Love Memediasi Pengaruh Brand Satisfaction Terhadap Brand Loyalty (Studi pada pelanggan Toko Buku Gramedia di Kota Denpasar). Warmadewa Management and Business Journal (WMBJ), 6(2), 81–99. https://doi.org/10.22225/wmbj.6.2.2024.81-99.
Retnowati, E. & Mardikaningsih, R. (2021). Study on Online Shopping Interest Based on Consumer Trust and Shopping Experience. Journal of Marketing and Business Research, 1(1), hal. 15-24
Rodrigues, D., Sousa, B., Gomes, S., Oliveira, J., & Lopes, E. (2023). Exploring Consumer Behavior and Brand Management in the Automotive Sector: Insights from a Digital and Territorial Perspective. Administrative Sciences, 13(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci13020036.
Sani, D. C.P., & Masnita, Y. (2023). Pengaruh Brand Satisfaction Terhadap Brand Loyalty pada Produk Skincare Lokal Whitelab. Mufakat: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi Universitas Trisakti, 2 (4), hal.755-762.
Santos, M., & Schlesinger, W. (2021). When love matters. Experience and brand love as antecedents of loyalty and willingness to pay a premium price in streaming services. Spanish Journal of Marketing-ESIC, 25(3), 374-391.
Seduram, L., Mamun, A. A., Salameh, A. A., Perumal, S., & Shaari, H. (2022). Predicting Smartphone Brand Loyalty Using Four-Stage Loyalty Model. SAGE Open, 12, pp. 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440221099295.
Setyawati, H.A. (2023). Peran Brand Experience dan Brand Love dalam Membangun Brand Loyalty. Jurnal Cafetaria,4(1), hal. 1-67
Sohaib, M., Safeer, A.A., & Majeed, A. (2022). Role of social media marketing activities in China’s e-commerce industry: A Stimulus organism response theory context. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 941058.
Sugiyono. (2019). Metode Penelitian Kuantitatif Kualitatif dan R&D. Bandung: Alfabeta.
Sumarwan, U. (2017). Perilaku Konsumen. Edisi Kedua. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia., W., & Silintowe, Y. B. R. (2020). Analisis pengaruh pengalaman merek, kepercayaan merek, dan kepuasan merek terhadap loyalitas merek. Modus, 32(1), hal. 25-41.
Tiara, S. A., & Sulistyowati, R. (2022). Pengaruh country of origin dan brand love terhadap keputusan pembelian skincare nature republic di Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya. Jurnal Pendidikan Tata Niaga (JPTN), 10(1), hal. 1583-1590.
Top Brand Award. (2024). www.topbrand-award.com. (Diakses tanggal 5 Maret 2024).
Torres, P., Augusto, M., & Neves, C. (2022). Value dimensions of gamification and their influence on brand loyalty and word‐of‐mouth: Relationships and combinations with satisfaction and brand love. Psychology & Marketing, 39(1), 59-75.. doi:10.1002/mar.21573.
Vadavadagi, P. (2020). A Study on Impact of Customer Satisfaction on Brand Loyalty. International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research, 4(4), pp. 1-5.
Wardani, L.I.K., & Wiyadi, W. (2023). Pengaruh Kepuasan Konsumen dan Pengalaman Merek Terhadap Loyalitas Merek yang dimediasi oleh Kecintaan Merek. Among Makarti: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis, 16(2), hal. 105-122.
Website Resmi Indomaret. (2023). https://indomaret.co.id (Diakses tanggal 30 September 2023)
Website Resmi Pemerintah Kota Denpasar. (2024). https://denpasarkota.go.id. (diakses pada 27 November 2024).
Wulandary, R., & Lindawati, L. (2023). Pengaruh Brand Satisfaction, Brand Image dan Brand ExperienceTerhadap Brand Love Pada Konsumen Korean Food Pocha Padang. E-Jurnal Universitas Bung Hatta, 22 (2).
Yasa, N. N. K., Santika, I. W., Giantari, I. G. A. K., Telagwathi, N. L. W. S., Muna, N., Rahanatha, G. B., Widagda, I.G.N.J.A & Rahmayanti, P. L. D. (2022). Local brand love based on product, price, promotion, online distribution. Journal of Distribution Science, 20(5), pp. 35-47.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Ni Putu Ayu Supriati, I Gusti Ngurah Jaya Agung Widagda, Ni Nyoman Kerti Yasa, I Gusti Agung Ketut Gede Suasana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Allows users to: distribute and copy the article; create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant URL ID); includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation. CC BY
