Role of organizational ambidexterity and social capital in predicting organizational effectiveness
Keywords:
organizational ambidexterity, social capital, organizational effectivenessAbstract
In today’s fast-paced global economy, organizations are under constant pressure to adapt to rapid environmental changes, innovate continuously, and develop products and services tailored for emerging markets. This dynamic landscape has transformed the competitive business environment, making agility and innovation key differentiators. Despite operating under similar conditions, organizations often show varying levels of performance, which raises important questions about the underlying factors that drive organizational effectiveness. This study explores two critical variables—organizational ambidexterity (the ability to balance exploration and exploitation) and social capital (the networks and relationships that facilitate knowledge sharing and collaboration). These concepts are especially relevant in the context of modern industries where digital transformation, remote collaboration, and cross-functional teamwork are becoming the norm.To gain insights, data was collected from a sample of 250 managers across various private sector organizations in India. Using hierarchical and moderated regression analysis, the study examines how these variables interact and influence organizational performance. The findings have practical implications, especially in today’s climate where firms must be both innovative and efficient. Leveraging organizational ambidexterity alongside strong social capital can help businesses remain resilient, adaptive, and competitive in the ever-evolving market landscape.
References
Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (2004). Meta-theory: Lessons from social identity research. Personality & Social Psychology Review, 8, 98–106.
Abili, K. &Faraji, H., (2009).A comparative study on organizational social capital in faculties of Humanities, Social and Behavioral Sciences at University of Tehran. Tehran, Iran.
Adler, P. S., Goldoftas, B., & Levine, D.I. (1999). Flexibility versus efficiency: A case study of model changeovers in the Toyota production system. Organization Science, 10, 43-68.
Adler, P. S., & Kwon, S. W. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17–40.
Akdere, M. (2005). Social capital theory and implications for human resource development. Singapore Management Review, 27(2), 1-24.
Akdere, M. & Roberts, P.B., (2008). Economics of social capital: implications for organizational performance. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 10(6),802-816.
Akuzum, C., & Tan, C. (2014). Social capital and job satisfaction as the predictor of the organizational commitment. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education,4(3), 729-743.
Albert, S., Ashforth, B. E., & Dutton, J. E. (2000). Organizational identity and identification: Charting new waters and building new bridges. Academy of Management Review, 25, 13-17.
Anantadjaya, P. D. (2008).Comparative literature study on the resource-based theory of the firm and knowledge-based theory of the firm. Review Integrative Business and Economics Research, 1(1), 136-149.
Ancona, D. G., Goodman, P. S., Lawrence, B. S., & Tushman, M. L. (2001). Time: A new research lens. Academy of Management Review, 26, 645–663.
Andrews, R. (2010). Organizational social capital, structure and performance. Human Relations, 63(5), 583–608.
Andriopolis,C., & Lewis, M. (2009). Exploitation-exploration tensions and organizational ambidexterity: Managing paradoxes of innovation. Organization Science, 20, 696–717.
Atuahene-Gima, K. & Murray, J. (2007). Exploratory and exploitative learning in new product development: A social capital perspective in new technology ventures in china. Journal of International Marketing,15(2), 1-29.
Ashforth, B. E., & Mael, F. (1989).Social identity theory and the organization. Academy of management review, 14(1), 20-39.
Auh, S., & Menguc, B. (2005).Balancing exploration and exploitation: The moderating role of competitive intensity. Journal of Business Research, 58, 1652–1661.
Barney, J. (1991). Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage. Journal of Management, 17, 99-120.
Batjargal, B. (2003). Social capital and entrepreneurial performance in Russia: A longitudinal study. Organization Studies, 24(4), 535–556.
Baum, A. C., & Ingram, P. (1998). Survival- enhancing learning in Manhattan hotel industry. Management Science, 44 (7), 996-1016.
Beck, N., Bruderl, J., &Woywode, M. (2008). Momentum or deceleration? Theoretical and methodological reflections on the analysis of organizational change. Academy of Manage¬ment Journal, 51, 413-435.
Benner, M. J., &Tushman, M. L. (2003). Exploitation, exploration, and process management: The productivity dilemma revisited. The Academy of Management Review, 28(2), 238-256.
Bierly, P. E. III., & Daly, P. S. (2007). Alternative knowledge strategies, competitive environment and organizational performance in small manufacturing firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31, 493-516.
Birkinshaw, J., & Gibson, C. (2004). Building ambidexterity into an organization. MIT Sloan Management Review, 45(4), 209-226.
Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley.
Borgatti, S. P., & Cross, R. (2003).A relational view of information seeking and learning in social networks. Management Science, 49(4), 432–445.
Bourdieu.P. (1980). Le capital social: notes provisoires. Actes de La recherché en sciences socials, 30, 3-6.
Bourgeois, L. J., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1988). Strategy decision processes in high velocity environments: Four cases in the microcomputer industry. Management Science, 34, 816-835.
Brass, D. J., Galaskiewicz, J., Greve, H. R., & Tsai, W. (2004).Taking stock of networks and organizations: a multilevel perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6),795-817.
Brown, S., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1997). The art of continuous change: Linking complexity the¬ory and time-paced evolution in relentlessly shifting organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42, 1-34.
Brown, S. L., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (1998).Competing on the edge. Strategy as structured chaos. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press..
Burgelman, R. A., & Grove, A. S. (2007). Let chaos reign, then rein in chaos repeatedly: Managing strategic dynamics for corporate longevity. Strategic Management Journal, 28,965-979.
Burt, R. S. (1997).The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly 42(2), 339–365.
Carden, L. L., & Callahan, J. (2006). Project management salary predictors: Career development activities and extrinsic reward. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on HRD Research and Practice across Europe. Netherlands.
Cameron, K. (1978). Measuring organizational effectiveness in institutions of higher education. Administrative Science Quarterly, 23, 604-632.
Cameron, K. (2005). Organizational effectiveness: Its demise and re-emergence through posi¬tive organizational scholarship. In K. Smith & M. Hitt (Eds.), Great Minds in Management: The Process of Theory Development (pp. 301-330). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Cao, Q., Gedajlovic, E., & Zhang, H. (2009). Unpacking organizational ambidexterity: dimensions, contingencies, and synergistic effects. Organization Science, 20(4),781-796.
Cegarra-Navarro, J. G., & Dewhurst, F. (2007).Linking organizational learning and customer capital through an ambidexterity context: An empirical investigation in Smes. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 18(10), 1720-1735.
Champy, J. (2009). Outsmart your rivals by seeing what others don’t. In F. Hesselbein & M. Goldsmith, (Eds.). The organization of the future (pp. 3-12). San Francisco,CA: Jossey Bass.
Chandrasekaran, A. (2009). Multiple levels of ambidexterity in managing the innovation improvement dilemma: Evidence from high technology organizations (Doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota).
Chawla, C., Mangaliso, M., Knipes, M., & Gauthier, J. (2012). Antecedents and implications of uncertainty in management. Journal of Management History, 18(2), 200-218.
Chen, X., Chen, A. X., & Zhou, K. Z. (2014). Strategic orientation, foreign parent control,and differentiation capability building of international joint ventures in an emerging market. Journal of International Marketing, 22(3), 30-49.
Choi, H. & Levine, J. (2004). Minority Influence in Work Teams: The Impact of Newcomers. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2), 273-280.
Ci-Rong Li. (2013). How top management team diversity fosters organizational ambidexterity: The role of social capital among top executives. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 26 (5). DOI 10.1108/JOCM-06-2012-0075
Cohen, D., & Prusak, L. (2001).In good company: How social capital makes organizations work. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Colbert, B. A. (2004). The complex resource-based view: Implications for theory and practice in strategic human resource management. Academy of Management Review, 29(3), 341-358.
Coleman, J. S. (1994). Foundations of social theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Crossan, M. M., Lane, H. W., & White, R. E. (1999). An organizational learning framework: From intuition to institution. Academy of Management Review, 24, 522-537.
Daft, R. (2001). Organization theory and design. (7thed.). South-Western College Publishing, New York: USA.
Darr, E. D., & Kurtzberg, T. R. (2000). An investigation of partner similarity dimensions on knowledge transfer. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 28-44.
D'Aveni, R. (1994). Hyper competition: Managing the dynamics of strategic maneuvering. The Free Press, New York.
De Jong, B. A., Bijlsma-Frankema K. M. & Cardinal, L. B.(2014). Stronger than the sum of its parts? The performance implications of peer control combinations in teams. Organization Science 25, (6) ,1703- 1721.
De Jong, B. A., T. Elfring. (2010). How does trust affect the performance of ongoing teams? The mediating role of reflexivity, monitoring, and effort. Academy of Management Journal, 53(3), 535-549.
Doh, S., & Acs, Z. J. (2010). Innovation and social Capital: A cross-country investigation. Industry and Innovation, 17 (3).
Doz, Y. L., Bartlett, C. A., & Prahalad, C. K. (1981). Global competitive pressures and host country demands. California Management Review, 23(3), 63.
Duncan. (1976).The ambidextrous organizations: Designing dual structures for innovation. In R. H. Kilmann, L. R. Pondy, & D. Slevin (Eds.).The Management of Organizational Design, 1, (pp, 167-188). North Holland, New York.
Edwards, B., & Foley, M. (1999). Is it time to disinvest in social capital? Journal of Public Policy, 19, 141-173.
Edwards, B., Foley, M., & Diani, M. (2001). Beyond Tocqueville: Civil Society and the Social Capital Debate in Comparative Perspective. University Press of New England.
Edward, E., Lawler, III., & Worley, C.G. (2006). Build to Change: How to achieve organizational effectiveness. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint. First Edition. United States of America.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Martin, J. (2000). Dynamic capabilities: What are they? Strategic Management Journal, 21, 1105–1121.
Ellinger, A. E., ElmadağBaş, A. B., Ellinger, A. D., Wang, Y., & Bachrach, D. G. (2011). Measurement of organizational investments in social capital: The service employee perspective. Journal of Business Research, 64(6), 572–578.
Etzioni, A. (1991). The socio-economics of property. In F. W. Rudmin (Ed.), To have possessions: A handbook on ownership and property. Special Issue, Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 6(6), 465-468.
Federman, M. (2006). Essay: Towards an effective theory of organizational effectiveness.[Online]Retrievedfrom:http://whatisthemessage.blogspot.com/2006_03_01_archhtml
Field, J. (2003). Social Capital. New Yorl: Routledge.
Fiol, M. C., & Lyles, M. A. (1985). Organizational learning. Academy of Management Review, 10, 803-813.
Floyd, S. W., & Lane, P. J. (2000).Strategizing throughout the organization: Managing role conflict in strategic renewal. Academy of Management Review, 25, 154-177.
Fukuyama, F. (1995). Trust: The social virtues and the creation of prosperity. New York: Free Press.
Fu. N, Patrick. Flood, C., & Morris. T. (2016). Organizational ambidexterity and professional firm performance: The moderating role of organizational capital. Journal of Professions and Organization, 1–16. doi: 10.1093/jpo/jov010
Gadut, E. V., & Talmund, I. (2010). Organizational politics and job performance: The moderating effect of trust and social support. Journal of Applied SocialPsychology,40 (11). 2829-2861.
Gatignon, H., & Xuereb, J. (1997). Strategic orientation of the firm and new product performance. Journal of Marketing Research, 34(1), 77-90.
Gibson, C. B., & Birkinshaw, J. (2004). The antecedents, consequences, and mediating role of organizational ambidexterity. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 209-226.
Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., Donnely, J.H.Jr., & Konopaske, R.(2009). Organizations: Behavior, structure, processes. International Edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York.
Gigliotti, L. (1987). An adaptation of Cameron's model of organizational effectiveness at the academic department level in two-year community colleges. Working Paper Series No.18.
Grant, R.M. (1996). Prospering in dynamically-competitive environments: Organizational capability as knowledge creation. Organization Science, 7,375-387.
Greve, A., Benassi, M., & Sti, A. D. (2010). Exploring the contributions of human and social capital to productivity. International Review of Sociology, 20 (1).
Gubbins, M. C., &Garavan, T. N. (2005). Studying HRD practitioners: A social capital model. Human Resource Development Review, 4(2), 189-218.
Gupta, A. K., Smith, K. G., &Shalley, C. E. (2006). The interplay between exploration and exploitation. Academy of Management Journal, 49(4), 693-706.
Hafkesbrink, J., & Schroll, M.(2014). Ambidextrous organizational and individual competencies in open innovation: The dawn of a new research agenda. Journal of Innovation Management, 2(1) 9-46.
Haid. M., Saulnier, D. S., Sims. J., & Wang, H. (2010). Organizational effectiveness: Discovering how to make it happen. Right Management Inc. Philadelphia.
Hage. J. (1980). Theories of organizations: Form, process and transformation. NewYork: Wiley.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1993). Strategy as stretch and leverage. Harvard Business Review, 71 (2), 75-84.
Han, M. (2007). Achieving superior internationalization through strategic ambidexterity. Jour¬nal of Enterprising Culture, 15, 43-77.
Hansen, M. T., Mors, M. L., & Lovas, B. (2005). Knowledge sharing in organizations: Multiple networks, multiple phases. Academy of Management Journal, 48(5),776–793.
Hauser, C. (2015).Effects of employee social capital on wage satisfaction, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Working Papers in Economics and Statistics. University of Innsbruck.
Helfat, C. E., Finkelstein, S., Mitchell, W., Peteraf, M. A., Singh, H., Teece, D. J., & Winter, S.G. (2007). Dynamic capabilities. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
Hernández-Espallardo, M., Sánchez-Pérez, M., & Segovia-López, C. (2011). Exploitation and exploration-based innovations: The role of knowledge in inter firm relationships with distributors. Technovation, 31(5), 203-215
He, Z.-L., & Wong, P.-K. (2004). Exploration vs. exploitation: An empirical test of the ambidexterity hypothesis. Organization Science, 15(4), 481-494.
Hitt, M. A., & Ireland, R. D. (2002). The essence of strategic leadership: Managing human and social capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 3-14.
Holmqvist, M. (2004). Experiential learning processes of exploitation and exploration within and between organizations: An empirical study of product development. Organization Science, 15, 70-81.
Huber, G. P. (1991). Organizational learning: The contributing processes and the literatures. Organization Science, 2, 88-115.
Im, G., & Rai, A. (2008).Knowledge sharing ambidexterity in long-term inter organizational relationships (IORs).Management Science, 54, 1281-1296.
Ingram, P., & Baum, J. A. (1997). Opportunity and constraint: Organizations' learning from the operating and competitive experience of industries. Strategic Management Journal, 75-98.
Isaacs. S. (1933). Social development in young children. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
Iyer, B., Lee, C. H., & Venkatraman, N. (2006).Managing in a small world ecosystem: Lessons from the software sector. California Management Review, 48(3), 28-47.
Jamrog, J. J., & Overholt, M. H. (2004). Measuring HR and organizational effectiveness. Employment Relations Today, 31(2), 33-45.
Jansen, J. J. P., George, G., Van den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2008). Senior team attributes and organizational ambidexterity: The moderating role of transformational leader¬ship. Journal of Management Studies, 45, 982-1007.
Jansen, J. J. P., Van den Bosch, F. A. J., & Volberda, H. W. (2006). Exploratory innovation, exploitative innovation, and performance: Effects of organizational antecedents and environmental moderators. Management Science, 2, 1661-1674.
Judge, W. Q., & Blocker, C. P. (2008). Organizational capacity for change and strategic ambidexterity. Flying the plane while rewiring it. European Journal of Marketing, 42, 915-926.
Kale, P., Singh, H., & Perlmutter, H. (2000). Learning and protection or proprietary assets in strategic alliances: Building relational capital. Strategic Management Journal, March Special Issue 21, 217–237.
Kang, S. C., & Snell, S. A. (2009). Intellectual capital architectures and ambidextrous learning: A framework for human resource management. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 65-92..
Kasser, T., & Ryan, R. M. (1993). A dark side of the American dream: Correlates of financial success as acentral life interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 410-422.
Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E. (1972). General systems theory: Applications for organization and management. Academy of Management Journal, 15, 447-465.
Katz, D., & Kahn, R. L. (1978).The social psychology of organizations (2nd ed.). New York, NY: John Wiley.
Kessels, J. W. M., & Poell, R. F. (2004). Andragogy and social capital theory: The implications for human resource development. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 6(2), 146-157.
Khodaei, R., Khodaei V. H., & Anvar, H. (2013). A study on the effect of social capital on job satisfaction and citizenship behavior. Management Science Letters, 3(7), 1873-1878.
Knight, D., Pearce, C. L., Smith, K.G., Olian, J. D., Sims, H. P., Smith, K. A. & Flood, P. (1999). Top management team diversity, group process, and strategic consensus. Strategic Management Journal, 20 (5), 445-465.
Kogut, B., & Zander U. (1992). Knowledge of the firm, combinative capabilities and the replication of technology. Organization Science, 3(3), 383–397.
Kogut, B., & Zander, U. (1996). What do firms do? Coordination, identity and learning. Organization Science, 7(5), 502–518.
Landry R., Amara N., & Lamari M. (2002). Does Social Capital Determine Innovation? To What Extent? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 69, 681–701.
Leana, C. R., & Pil, F. K. (2006). Social capital and organizational performance: Evidence from urban public schools. Organization Science, 17(3), 353–366.
Leana, C. R., & Van Buren, H. J. (1999).Organizational social capital and employment practices. Academy of Management Review, 24(3), 538–555.
Lee, C., Lee, K., & Pennings, J. M. (2001). Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study of technology-based ventures. Strategic Management Journal, Special Issue 22, 615–640.
Lee, L. T. S., & Sukoco, B. M. (2007). The effects of entrepreneurial orientation and knowledge management capability on organizational effectiveness in Taiwan: The moderating role of social capital. International Journal of Management, 24(3),549–572.
Levinthal, D.A., & March, J.G. (1993).The Myopia of Learning. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (Winter Special Issue), 95-112.
Levitt, B., & March, J. G. (1988).Organizational learning. Annual Review of Sociology, 14, 319-338.
Lin, N., Cook, K., & Burt, R. (2001).Social Capital: Theory and Research. New York: Aldine DE Gruyter.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on employee knowledge sharing intentions. Journal of Information Science, 33, 135–149.
Lin, H. F. (2007). Knowledge sharing and firm innovation capacity: An empirical study. International Journal of Manpower, 28, 315–332.
Lin, X., & Germain, R. (2003). Organizational Structure, Context, Customer Orientation, and Performance: Lessons from Chinese State-owned Enterprises. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 1131-1151.
Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of muddling through. Public Administration Review, 19(2), 79-88.
Lindblom, C. E. (1979). Still muddling, not yet through. Public Administration Review, 39, 517-526.
Litrico, J. B., & Lee, M. D. (2008). Balancing exploration and exploitation in alternative work arrangements: a multiple case study in the professional and management services industry. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(8), 995-1020.
Lubatkin, M., Simsek, Z., Ling, Y., & Veiga, J. (2006). Ambidexterity and performance in small to medium-sized firms: The pivotal role of TMT behavioral integration. Journal of Management, 32, 1-27.
Luthans, F., & Youssef, C. M. (2004). Human, social, and now positive psychological capital management: Investing in people for competitive advantage.Organizational Dynamics, 33(2), 143-160.
Makela,K., Kalla, H. K., & Piekkari, R. (2007). Interpersonal similarity as a driver of knowledge sharing within multinational corporations. International Business Review, 16(1), 1–22.
Maman, D. (2000). Who accumulates directorships of big business firms in Israel: organizational structure, social capital and human capital. Human Relations,53(5), 603-629.
March, J. G. (1991).Exploration and exploitation in organizational learning. Organization Science, 2(1), 71-87.
Markman, G. D., & Baron, R. A. (2003). Person-entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 281-301.
Martini, A., Aloini, D., Dulmin, R., Mininno, V., & Neirotti, P. (2012). How to Measure the ET ET Construct for Ambidexterity Comparative Analysis of Measures and New Measurement Proposal. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 4, 36.
Maurer, I., & Ebers, M. (2006). Dynamics of social capital and their performance implications: Lesions from biotechnology start-ups. Administrative Science Quarterly, 51, 262-292.
Maurer, I., Bartsch, V., &Ebers, M. (2011). The value of intra-organizational social capital: How it fosters knowledge transfer, innovation performance, and growth. Organization Studies, 32(2), 157–185.
McCann, J. (2004). Organizational effectiveness: Changing concepts for changing environments. Human Resource Planning, 27(1), 65-78.
McEvily, B.& Zaheer, A. (1999). Bridging ties: A source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 20, 1133-1156.
Merlo, O., Bell, S. J.,Mengüç, B., & Whitwell, G. J. (2006). Social capital, customer service orientation and creativity in retail stores. Journal of Business Research, 59(12), 1214– 1221.
Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B., &Lampel, J. (1998). Strategy safari. Hemel Hempstead, UK: Prentice Hall.
Nagarajan, V., Savitskie, K., Ranganathan, S., Sen, S., & Alexander, A. (2013). The effect of environmental uncertainty, information quality, and collaborative logistics on supply chain flexibility of small manufacturing firms in India. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 25(5), 784-802.
Nahapiet, J. &Ghoshal, S. (1998). Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. The Academy of Management Review, 23(2), 242-267.
Nelson, K. M., & Cooprider, J. G. (1996).The contribution of shared knowledge to group performance. MIS Quarterly, 20(4), 409–432.
Nilsson,E. & Westlund, H. (2005). Measuring enterprises’ investments in social capital: A pilot study. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1079-1094.
Ofori, D, & Sackey, J. (2010). Assessing social capital for organizational performance: Initial exploratory insights from Ghana. Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies, 1(2), 71-91.
Oh, H., Chung, M. H., & Labianca, G. (2004). Group social capital and group effectiveness: The role of informal socializing ties. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6), 860–875.
Parnell, J. A., Lester, D. L., Long, Z., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2012). How environmental uncertainty affects the link between business strategy and performance in SMEs: Evidence from China, Turkey, and the USA. Management Decision, 50(4), 546 568.
Pelled, L.H., Eisenhardt, K.M. & Xin, K.R. (1999).Exploring the black box: An analysis of workgroup diversity, conflict, and performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (1), 1-28.
Peng, H. (2013). Why and When Do People Hide Knowledge? Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 398-415.
Peng, M.W., & Luo, Y. (2000). Managerial ties and firm performance in a transition economy: The nature of a micro–macro link. Academy of Management Journal. 43(3), 486–501.
Pennings, J.M., Lee. K, & Van, W.A. (1998). Human capital, social capital, and firm dissolution. Academy of Management Journal,41(4), 425–440.
Popadiuk, S. (2012). Scale for classifying organizations as explorers, exploiters or ambidextrous. International Journal of Information Management, 32(1), 75-87.
Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? Harvard Business Review, 74(6), 61.
Porter, T.W. & Lilly, B.S. (1996).The effects of conflict, trust, and task commitment on project team performance. The International Journal of Conflict Management, 7 (4), 361-376.
Porter, M. E. (2008). On competition: Updated and expanded edition. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Portes. A, & Sensenbrenner J. (1993). Embeddedness and immigration: Notes on the social determinants of economic action. American Journal of Sociology, 98,1320–1350.
Porteous, J. D. (1976). Home: The territorial core. Geographical Review, 66, 383-390.
Pratono, A.H, & Mahmood, R. (2014). Social Capital and Firm Performance: Moderating effect of environmental turbulence. Asian Social Science, 10, (19).
Putnam R.D. (2000). Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Putnam, R. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: the strange disappearance of social capital in America. American Political Science Association, 28(4), 664-683.
Raisch, S., & Birkinshaw, J. (2008). Organizational ambidexterity: Antecedents, outcomes, and moderators. Journal of Management, 34(3), 375-409.
Raisch, S., Birkinshaw, J., Probst, G., &Tushman, M.L. (2009). Organizational ambidexterity: Balancing exploitation and exploration for sustained performance. Organization Science, 20, 685-695.
Reagans, R., & Zuckerman. W.E. (2001). Networks, diversity, and productivity: The social capital of corporate R&D teams. Organization Science, 12 (4), 502.
Reddy, T. C. & Gayathri, S. (2000). Organizational structure, communication, andeffectiveness in textile industry. Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, 35, (3).
Requna, F. (2003). Social capital, satisfaction and quality of life in the workplace. Social Indicators Research, 61(3), 331-360.
Reychav, I., & Weisberg, J. (2009).Going beyond technology: knowledge sharing as a tool for enhancing customer-oriented attitudes. International Journal of Information Management, 29, 353–361.
Robbins, S. P. (2001). Organizational theory: Structure, design and applications (3rd ed.). New Delhi, India: Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited.
Rothaermel, F. T., & Deeds, D. L. (2004). Exploration and exploitation alliances in biotechnology: A system of new product development. Strategic Management Journal, 25(3), 201-221.
Rowley, T, Behrens D, &Krackhardt D. (2000). Redundant governance structures: An analysis of structural and relational embeddedness in the steel and semi-conductor industries. Strategic Management Journal, Special Issue, 21, 369–386.
Sarkees, M. E. (2007). Exploitation versus exploration: Getting the mix right (Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh). Available from ProQuest Information and Learning Company (UMI Microform No.3284620).
Savari, M., Eslami, M., & Monavarifard, F. (2013). The impact of social capital on agricultural employees’ job satisfaction, city of Divandarreh. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 4(2), 291-295.
Scott-Kennel, J., & Giroud, A. (2015). MNEs and FSAs: network knowledge, strategic orientation and performance. Journal of World Business, 50(1), 94-107.
Shaw, J. D., Duffy, M. K., Johnson, J. L., & Lockhart, D. E. (2005).Turnover, social capital losses, and performance. Academy of Management Journal, 48(4),594-
Simsek, Z. (2009). Organizational ambidexterity: Towards a multilevel understanding. Journal of Management Studies, 46, 597-624.
Singh, A.P., & Jaiswal, A. (2015). Organizational effectiveness scale (Unpublished). Department of Psychology, Banaras Hindu University.
Smith, W.K., & Lewis, M.W. (2011). Toward a theory of paradox: A dynamic equilibrium model. Academy of Management Review, 36, 381-403.
Simsek, Z., Heavey, C., Veiga, J. F., & Souder, D. (2009).A typology for aligning organizational ambidexterity's conceptualizations, antecedents, and outcomes. Journal of Management Studies, 46(5), 864-894.
Solow, R. (2000). Notes on social capital and economic performance. In Dasgupta, P.,& Serageldin, I. (Ed.).Social Capital: A Multifaceted Perspective. The World Bank.
Sorbeim, R. (2003).The pre- investment behavior of business angels: A social capital approach. Venture Capital, 5(4), 337-364.
Sparrowe, R. T., Robert C. L., Sandy J. W., & Maria, L. K. (2001). Social networks and the performance of individuals and groups. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 316-325.
Stettner, U., & Lavie, D. (2014). Ambidexterity under scrutiny: Exploration and exploitation via internal organization, alliances, and acquisitions. Strategic Management Journal, 35(13), 1903-1929.
Storberg-Walker, J., & Gubbins, C. (2006). Introducing social networks as a theoretical and empirical tool to understand and “do” HRD. Proceedings of the seventh international conference on HRD research and practice across Europe. Netherlands.
Stubbart, C. I., & Knight, M. B. (2006). The case of the disappearing firms: Empirical evidence and implications. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27, 79-100.
Subramaniam, M., & Youndt, M. A. (2005).The influence of intellectual capital on the types of innovative capabilities. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 450-463.
Swanson, R. A., & Holton, E. F. (2009).Perspectives on performance in human resource development. In Foundations of human resource development (2nd ed.,chap.8). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Swart, J., & Kinnie, N. (2007).Simultaneity of learning orientations in a marketing agency. Management Learning, 38, 337-357.
Tang, Z., Kreizer, P., Marino, L., & Weaver, K. (2010). Exploring proactiveness as a moderator in the process of perceiving industrial munificence: A field study of SMEs in four countries. Journal of Small Business Management, 48(2), 97-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2010.00288.x
Tao, W., & Ping A. How does competition impact exploration and exploitation capabilities effects on social capital for value creation? http://ipedr.com/vol39/014 ICITE2012-B00029.pdf
Taylor, A., &Greve, H. R. (2006).Superman or the fantastic four? Knowledge combination and experience in innovative teams. Academy of Management Journal, 49, 723-740.
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509-533.
Torraco, R. J., & Swanson, R. A. (2009).Strategy and human resource development. In R. A. Swanson & E. F. Holton III (Eds.), Foundations of human resource development (2nded, pp. 358-371). San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
Tsounis, A., Niakas, D., & Sarafis, P. (2017). Social capital and job satisfaction among substance abuse treatment employees. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 12(8).
Tuan, L.T., (2015). Organizational social capital as a moderator for the effect of entrepreneurial orientation on competitive intelligence. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1-15.
Tushman, M.L., & O’Reilly, C.A. (1996). Managing evolutionary and revolutionary change California Management Review, 38(4), 8-30.
Uzzi, B. (1996). The sources and consequences of embeddedness for the economic performance of organizations: The network effect. American Sociological Review, 61, 674-698.
Van de Ven, A. H., Polley, D. E., Garud, R., & Venkataraman, S. (2008). The innovation journey. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Venkatraman, N., Lee, C. H., & Iyer, B. (2006). Strategic ambidexterity and sales growth: A longitudinal test in the software sector. Paper presented at the National Academy of Management, U.S.A. August, 2005.
Volberda, H.W. (1996). Toward the flexible form: How to remain vital in hypercompetitive environments. Organization Science, 7, 359-374.
Von Bertalanffy, L. (1972). The history and status of general systems theory. Academy of Management Journal, 15, 407-426.
Walker, G., Kogut, B., and Shan, W (1997).Social capital, structural holes and the formation of an industry network. Organization Science, 8(2), 109-125.
Wambugu, S, N., Okello, J. J., & Nyikal, R. A. (2009). Effect of social capital on performance of small holder producer organizations: The case of groundnut growers in Western Kenyas. Contributed Paper Prepared for Presentation at the International Association of Agricultural Economists Conference. Beijing,China.
Wang, H., & Fang, S. (2012). The moderating effect of environmental uncertainty on the relationship between network structures and the innovative performance of a new venture. Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, 27(4), 311-323.
Wang, J. C., & Chiang, M. J. (2009). Social interaction and continuance intention in online auctions: A social capital perspective. Decision Support Systems, 47(4), 466-476.
Wang, Q., & von Tunzelmann, N. (2000). Complexity and the functions of the firm: Breadth and depth. Research Policy, 29, 805-818.
Watson, G. & Papamarcos, S. (2002). Social capital and organizational commitment. Journal of Business and Psychology, 16(4), 537-552.
Wellman, B. & Frank, K. (2001). Network capital in a multilevel world: getting support from personal communities. In Lin, N., Cook, K., & Burt, R. (Ed.). Social Capital: Theory and Research. NY: Aldine DE Gruyter.
Wernerfelt, B. (1984). A resource-based view of the firm. Strategic Management Journal,5, 171-180.
Westlund, H., & Nilsson, E. (2005). Measuring enterprises’ investments in social capital: A pilot study. Regional Studies, 39(8), 1079-1094.
Winter, S. G. (2003). Understanding dynamic capabilities. Strategic Management Journal, 24(10), 991-995.
Wu, W.Y., Chang, M.L. & Chen, C.W. (2008). Promoting innovation through the accumulation of intellectual capital, social capital, and entrepreneurial orientation.R&D Management, 38, 265–277.
Yli-Renko H, Autio E, &Sapienza H.J. (2001). Social capital, knowledge acquisition, and knowledge exploitation in young technology-based firms. Strategic Management Journal, Special Issue 22,587–613.
Yli-Renko, H., Autio, E., &Tontti, V. (2002). Social capital, knowledge, and the international growth of technology-based new firms. International Business Review, 11, 279-304.
Zagenczyk, T. J., Scott, K. D., Gibney, R., Murrell, A. J., & Thatcher, J. B. (2010). Social influence and perceived organizational support: A social networks analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 111(2), 127–138.
Zhang, J., & Duan, Y. (2010). Empirical study on the impact of market orientation and innovation orientation on new product performance of Chinese manufacturers. Nankai Business Review International,1(2), 214-231.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 Nitu Singhi, Prashant Das

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Allows users to: distribute and copy the article; create extracts, abstracts, and other revised versions, adaptations or derivative works of or from an article (such as a translation); include in a collective work (such as an anthology); and text or data mine the article. These uses are permitted even for commercial purposes, provided the user: gives appropriate credit to the author(s) (with a link to the formal publication through the relevant URL ID); includes a link to the license; indicates if changes were made; and does not represent the author(s) as endorsing the adaptation of the article or modify the article in such a way as to damage the authors' honor or reputation. CC BY



